RUTIN - Found in Pine Needle Oil

Rutin is a member of bioflavonoids, a large group of phenolic secondary metabolites of plants that include more than 2,000 different known chemicals. Bioflavonoids such as Quercetin, Rutin, and Hesperidin are important nutrients due to their ability to strengthen and modulate the permeability of the walls of the blood vessels including capillaries.

DreamPharm's lutein supplements Lutein-6 and Lutein-20 contain generous amounts of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ), which is abundant (4-6% of the weight) with a flavonoid called Rutin, an active ingredient known to offer nutritional support to the circulatory systems including the capillaries in eyes with no side effects. Rutin has proved to be especially helpful in preventing recurrent bleeding caused by weakened blood vessels, so it has been used in the treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins, helping to prevent blood vessel walls becoming fragile. Rutin is safe and effective for: Poor Circulation, High Blood Pressure, Varicose Veins, Chilblains, Capillary Fragility, etc.

Description

The flavonoid rutin is a flavonol glycoside comprised of the flavonol quercetin (see Quercetin) and the disaccharide rutinose. Rutin is found in many plants, especially the buckwheat plant Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, the flour of which is used to make pancakes. Other rich dietary sources of rutin include black tea and apple peels.

Rutin is a solid substance, pale yellow in appearance and only slightly soluble in water. It is, however, much more soluble in water than its aglycone quercetin. Rutin's molecular formula is C 27 H 30 O 16 , its molecular weight is 610.53 daltons, and its structural formula is:

The disaccharide moiety of rutin, rutinose, is comprised of the sugars rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) and glucose. Many names are used for rutin in the literature. They include rutoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside and sophorin. Also, 3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside, 3-rhamnosyl-glucosyl quercetin and 3-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] oxy]-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4 H -1-benzopyran-4-one.

Actions and pharmacology

ACTIONS

Rutin may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, cytoprotective and vasoprotective activities.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Many, if not most, of rutin's possible activities can be accounted for, in part, by rutin's antioxidant activity. Rutin is a phenolic antioxidant and has been demonstrated to scavenge superoxide radicals. Rutin can chelate metal ions, such as ferrous cations. Ferrous cations are involved in the so-called Fenton reaction, which generates reactive oxygen species. Rutin may also modulate the respiratory burst of neutrophils. The in vivo antioxidant activity of rutin is most likely due to its aglycone quercetin, to which it is metabolized following ingestion. Although most studies show rutin to inhibit lipid peroxidation, a few studies do not. Rutin may also help maintain levels of the biological antioxidant reduced glutathione. Importantly, under certain conditions, rutin or its metabolite quercetin may become a pro-oxidant. For example, nitrosation of rutin/ quercetin may produce a pro-oxidant molecule that may have mutagenic potential.

PHARMACOKINETICS

The pharmacokinetics of rutin in humans is still under investigation. It appears that only about 17% of an ingested dose is absorbed. Absorption appears to occur mainly from the colon following the removal of the carbohydrate moiety by bacterial enzymes to form quercetin. Quercetin may undergo glucuronidation in the colonocytes. It is unclear to what extent there is absorption of quercetin glycosides. Quercetin and glucuronide conjugates of quercetin are transported to the liver via the portal circulation, where they undergo significant first pass metabolism. Metabolites may include isorhamnetin, kaempferol and tamarixetin. Quercetin itself may undergo glucuronidation and sulfation. Quercetin and its metabolites are distributed from the liver to various tissues in the body. Quercetin is strongly bound to albumin in the plasma.

Indication and usage

Rutin may be useful in the management of venous edema. It may help strengthen capillaries, protect against some toxins and have anti-inflammatory effects, as well as some anticancer effects. It may also help prevent the oxidation of vitamin C and have some positive lipid effects.

Literature

Clement DL. Management of venous edema: insights from an international task force. Angiology. 2000; 51:13-17.

Cruz T, Galvez J, Ocete MA, et al. Oral administration of rutoside can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Life Sci . 1998; 62:687-695.

Deschner EE, Ruperto JF. Wong GY, Newmark HL. The effect of dietary quercetin and rutin on AOM-induced acute colonic epithelial abnormalities in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Cancer . 1993; 20:199-204.

Drewa G, Schachtschabel DO, Palgan K, et al. The influence of rutin on the weight, metastasis and melanin content of B16 melanotic melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Neoplasma . 1998; 45:266-271.

Galvez J, Cruz T, Crespo E, et al. Rutoside as mucosal protective in acetic acid-induced rat colitis. Planta Med. 1997; 63:409-414.

Kostyuk VA, Potapovich AI. Antiradical and chelating effects in flavonoid protection against silica-induced cell injury. Arch Biochem Biophys . 1998; 355:43-48.

Kostyuk VA , Potapovich AI, Speransky SD , Maslova GT. Protective effect of natural flavonoids on rat peritoneal macrophages injury caused by asbestos fiber. Free Rad Biol Med . 1996; 21:487-493.

Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Vree TB, Katan MB. Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside do not differ in humans. J Nutr. 2000; 130:1200-1203.

Park JB, Levine M. Intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid is inhibited by flavonoids via blocking of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells. J Nutr . 2000; 130:1297-1302.

Perez Guerrero C, Martin MG, Marhuenda E. Prevention by rutin of gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats: role of endogenous prostaglandins. Gen Pharmacol. 1994; 25:575-580.

Rueff J, Gaspar J, Laires A. Structural requirements for mutagenicity of flavonoids upon nitrosation. A structure-activity study. Mutagenesis . 1995; 10:325-328.

Schmitt A, Savayre R, Delchambre J, Negre-Salvayre A. Prevention by alpha-tocopherol and rutin of glutathione and ATP depletion induced by oxidized LDL in cultured endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1995; 116:1985-1990.

Webster RP, Gawde MD, Bhattacharya RK, Protective effect of rutin, a flavonol glycoside, on the carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzymes in rats. Cancer Lett . 1996; 109:185-191.



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Take our survey! Help us improve our pine needle products. More info...	Resources & Articles RUTIN - Found in Pine Needle Oil What is Rutin ? Rutin is a member of bioflavonoids, a large group of phenolic secondary metabolites of plants that include more than 2,000 different known chemicals. Bioflavonoids such as Quercetin, Rutin, and Hesperidin are important nutrients due to their ability to strengthen and modulate the permeability of the walls of the blood vessels including capillaries. DreamPharm's lutein supplements Lutein-6 and Lutein-20 contain generous amounts of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ), which is abundant (4-6% of the weight) with a flavonoid called Rutin, an active ingredient known to offer nutritional support to the circulatory systems including the capillaries in eyes with no side effects. Rutin has proved to be especially helpful in preventing recurrent bleeding caused by weakened blood vessels, so it has been used in the treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins, helping to prevent blood vessel walls becoming fragile. Rutin is safe and effective for: Poor Circulation, High Blood Pressure, Varicose Veins, Chilblains, Capillary Fragility, etc. Source: DreamPharm.com, 2004 Description The flavonoid rutin is a flavonol glycoside comprised of the flavonol quercetin (see Quercetin) and the disaccharide rutinose. Rutin is found in many plants, especially the buckwheat plant Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, the flour of which is used to make pancakes. Other rich dietary sources of rutin include black tea and apple peels. Rutin is a solid substance, pale yellow in appearance and only slightly soluble in water. It is, however, much more soluble in water than its aglycone quercetin. Rutin's molecular formula is C 27 H 30 O 16 , its molecular weight is 610.53 daltons, and its structural formula is: The disaccharide moiety of rutin, rutinose, is comprised of the sugars rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) and glucose. Many names are used for rutin in the literature. They include rutoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside and sophorin. Also, 3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside, 3-rhamnosyl-glucosyl quercetin and 3-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] oxy]-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4 H -1-benzopyran-4-one. Actions and pharmacology ACTIONS Rutin may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, cytoprotective and vasoprotective activities. MECHANISM OF ACTION Many, if not most, of rutin's possible activities can be accounted for, in part, by rutin's antioxidant activity. Rutin is a phenolic antioxidant and has been demonstrated to scavenge superoxide radicals. Rutin can chelate metal ions, such as ferrous cations. Ferrous cations are involved in the so-called Fenton reaction, which generates reactive oxygen species. Rutin may also modulate the respiratory burst of neutrophils. The in vivo antioxidant activity of rutin is most likely due to its aglycone quercetin, to which it is metabolized following ingestion. Although most studies show rutin to inhibit lipid peroxidation, a few studies do not. Rutin may also help maintain levels of the biological antioxidant reduced glutathione. Importantly, under certain conditions, rutin or its metabolite quercetin may become a pro-oxidant. For example, nitrosation of rutin/ quercetin may produce a pro-oxidant molecule that may have mutagenic potential. PHARMACOKINETICS The pharmacokinetics of rutin in humans is still under investigation. It appears that only about 17% of an ingested dose is absorbed. Absorption appears to occur mainly from the colon following the removal of the carbohydrate moiety by bacterial enzymes to form quercetin. Quercetin may undergo glucuronidation in the colonocytes. It is unclear to what extent there is absorption of quercetin glycosides. Quercetin and glucuronide conjugates of quercetin are transported to the liver via the portal circulation, where they undergo significant first pass metabolism. Metabolites may include isorhamnetin, kaempferol and tamarixetin. Quercetin itself may undergo glucuronidation and sulfation. Quercetin and its metabolites are distributed from the liver to various tissues in the body. Quercetin is strongly bound to albumin in the plasma. Indication and usage Rutin may be useful in the management of venous edema. It may help strengthen capillaries, protect against some toxins and have anti-inflammatory effects, as well as some anticancer effects. It may also help prevent the oxidation of vitamin C and have some positive lipid effects. Literature Clement DL. Management of venous edema: insights from an international task force. Angiology. 2000; 51:13-17. Cruz T, Galvez J, Ocete MA, et al. Oral administration of rutoside can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Life Sci . 1998; 62:687-695. Deschner EE, Ruperto JF. Wong GY, Newmark HL. The effect of dietary quercetin and rutin on AOM-induced acute colonic epithelial abnormalities in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Cancer . 1993; 20:199-204. Drewa G, Schachtschabel DO, Palgan K, et al. The influence of rutin on the weight, metastasis and melanin content of B16 melanotic melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Neoplasma . 1998; 45:266-271. Galvez J, Cruz T, Crespo E, et al. Rutoside as mucosal protective in acetic acid-induced rat colitis. Planta Med. 1997; 63:409-414. Kostyuk VA, Potapovich AI. Antiradical and chelating effects in flavonoid protection against silica-induced cell injury. Arch Biochem Biophys . 1998; 355:43-48. Kostyuk VA , Potapovich AI, Speransky SD , Maslova GT. Protective effect of natural flavonoids on rat peritoneal macrophages injury caused by asbestos fiber. Free Rad Biol Med . 1996; 21:487-493. Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Vree TB, Katan MB. Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4'-glucoside do not differ in humans. J Nutr. 2000; 130:1200-1203. Park JB, Levine M. Intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid is inhibited by flavonoids via blocking of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells. J Nutr . 2000; 130:1297-1302. Perez Guerrero C, Martin MG, Marhuenda E. Prevention by rutin of gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats: role of endogenous prostaglandins. Gen Pharmacol. 1994; 25:575-580. Rueff J, Gaspar J, Laires A. Structural requirements for mutagenicity of flavonoids upon nitrosation. A structure-activity study. Mutagenesis . 1995; 10:325-328. Schmitt A, Savayre R, Delchambre J, Negre-Salvayre A. Prevention by alpha-tocopherol and rutin of glutathione and ATP depletion induced by oxidized LDL in cultured endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1995; 116:1985-1990. Webster RP, Gawde MD, Bhattacharya RK, Protective effect of rutin, a flavonol glycoside, on the carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzymes in rats. Cancer Lett . 1996; 109:185-191. Source: PDR Health, 2004 This page is intended for informational purposes only. The content herein is the product of research. The author is neither a chemist nor an herbalist and has had no medical training whatsoever. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products mentioned are not intended to accurately diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please always see your licensed health care professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.	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