Pine Needle Health
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Frequently Asked Questions


1. What is benefit of red pine needle oil ?

It is rich with Rutin and other compounds which are strong antioxidant that prevents damaged cells.

There are two kinds of oxygen in the human body - 95% is good oxygen that converts food to energy by burning action; another 5% is bad oxygen that rusts cells similarly as oxygen rusts iron.

This bad oxygen is generated by normal food processing in the body. It also comes from environmental factors driven by psychological, physical, and chemical stress.

The human body has a self-defense system against this bad oxygen. Antioxidants strengthens this defense system and reduces the bad oxygen that causes the aging of the organs and the skin.

2. Are there any scientific data and information about health benefit of pine needle ?

We found hundred master thesis, doctorial desertation, international journal papers and books. This is sample and we will publish more authors, journals and abstracts in future.

Next is first paper.

Title: Screening and comparison of biological activity from pine needle extracts

Kim, eun jeong

Department of food science & technology
Graduate School, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea.
Directed by Prof. Sueng Si, Ham, Ph.D.

Summary

As many harmful carcinogenic and mutagenic agents are produced which is causing environmental pollution. It is essential to find effective antimutagenic compounds with few side effects for the treatment of cancer and other disease.

This study was performed to investigate the biological activities-antimutangenic effect, anticancer effect, antibacterial effect of main pine needle extracts. Pine needle ethanol extracts by themselves did not show any mutagenicity with all over the concentrations of this experimental ranging 0~800 microgram/plate.

Inhibitory effects of ethnol extracts were observed on mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO),3-amino-1,4-dimethyl1-5H-pyro-(4,3-b)indol(Trp-P-1) and Benzo(a)Pyrene Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay.

The ethanol extracts of pinus densiflora strongly inhibited the mutangenicity induced by MNNG on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.

In addition we fractionated the ethanol extracts of pine needle with diethyether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Among the solvent fractions of ethanol extracts from pine needle, the diethylether fractions(200 microgram/plate) of Pinus koraiensis significantly reduced the mutangenicity induced by TRP-P-1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix.

The ethanol extracts of pine needles showed the strong antimocrobaial activities against bacteria. Among each extraction, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora had the strongest antibacterial activity against strain Listeria moncytogenes ARCC1911 and Bacillus cereus IFO 3514.

The anticancer effect of pine needle extracts against cancer cell lines, including Human Gastric carcinoma(KATOIII), Human lung carcinoma(A549), Human hepatocellular(Hep3B), Human Fibrosarcoma(HT1080) and Human Breast adenocarcinomal (MCF-7) was investigated.

The results showed that growth inhibition rates of the cancer cells in medium containing pine needle extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration.

Especially, the ethenol extract of pinus koraiensis significantly reduced the growth of A549, Hep4B and MCF-7 cancer cells.

In vivo genotoxictic effect of pine needle extracts were evaluated by micronucleus test using ICR male mice. MNNG was used as standard clastogens. Each extracts by themselves did not induce an increased frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs). There were significant decrease in the frequencies of MNPCEs when mice recieved the extracts of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis both 36h before(40 mg/kg) and 36h before MNNG(150 mg/kg) injection.

These results indicate that extracts of pine needles have a strong modulatory effects on mutagen-induced mutagenicity and MNPCEs.

Sample citations and references on this thesis.

1. Ames, BN: Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens(oxygen radicals and degenerative deseases), Science., 221,1256 (1983)

2. Angela, M., Martin, C: Comparison of 5 microplate colorimetric assays for in vitro cytotoxicity testing and cell proliferation assays. Cytotechnology., 11,49 (1993)

5. Doll, R. and Peto,R: The cause if cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 66(1), 1191(1981)

6. Goldin, A., Scheparts. SA., Venditti, J.M. and Devita, V.T.: Historical development and current strategy of the National Cancer Institute drug development program. In Methods in Cancer Research, Vol.16. Cancer Drug Development, Part A., Devita V.T. and Busch H. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, p.165 (1979)

7. Graham, S.: Towards a dietary prevention of cancer. Epidemiol. Rev., 5, 38

22. Liu, M., Zho, G.: Study on mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of 41 chinese medicinal herbs. Carcinogen. Mutagen. Teratogent., 4, 25-28 (1992)

29. Moon, S.H., Kim, J.O. Rhee, S.H. Park, K.Y., Kim, K.H. Rhew, T.H.: Antimutagenic effects and compounds identified from hexane fraction of permisimmon leaves. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 22,334 (1993)

66. Yoon Hyung, Lee, Yong Soon, Choi and San Young, Lee: Study on the screening and application of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor from Pinus strobos extracts. Collasteral reduction: . Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 25,188 (1996)

Second paper.

Title: The effect of pine oil on lipid levels of serum and body weight in rats.

Jae Ju, Kim

Oct. 1999.

Department of Oriental Medicine

Graduate school of Won Kwang University

Directed by Prof. Kyu-Sang Lim. O.M.D., Ph.D.

Abstract.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of pine oil on the body weight and lipid levels of serum in rats fed high cholesterol diet and high fat diet.

Body weight, weight of various organs, and feeding efficiency ratio were measured to study the effect of pine oil on obesity at 4 weeks after oral administration.

Total cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were analysed to identify the ameliorating effect of pine oil on lipid metabolism in serum of same rats. The results were summerised as follows;

1. The increase in body weight and feeding efficiency ratio induced by cholesterol diet was less in pine oil treated rats. Furthermore, decrease in weight of liver, kidney, spleen, testis, and epididymis were observed in pine oil treated rats.

2. Associated with the decrease in body weight, there was a concomitant reduction in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and total lipid in rats fed high cholesterol diet and high fat diet, respectively, after an oral administration of pine oil.

3. Serum levels of LDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased after an oral adminstration of pine oil in rats fed high fat diet.

These results suggest that pine oil can ameliorate obesity and lipid metabolism in serum.

Third paper ( rest 110 books/papers abstract will be published at Resources page)

Title: Functional Properties of Pine Needle Extracts and their Effects on Serum and Liver of Rats Fed High Fat Diet

Yoo Han, Kang

Department of Food Science and Technology Graduate School, Kyungpook National University Taegu, Korea

(Supervised by Professor Tae Hwa Sohn, Ph.D., Kwang Deog Moon, Ph.D.)

A thesis submited to the Council of the Graduate School of Kyungpook National University in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Agriculture in June 1996.

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate functional properties of the pine needle (Pinus densiflora Sieb. Et Zucc.) extracted with hot water and 70% acetone, and effects of those extracts on serum and liver of rats fed high fat diet.

The yields of hot water and 70% acetone extracts of pine needle powder were 25.3% and 30%, respectively. Hunter b values were 18.25 and 23.12 and brown intensity of 70% acetone extract was higher than that of the hot water extract. No significant difference was found in proximate composition between two extracts. However, contents of free sugar and free amino acids were significantly different. Contents of organic acids in the water extract were higher than those in the 70% acetone extract. Succinic acid was composed of 85% of total organic acids in two extracts. Among minerals, Na and K were the highest in hot water and 70% acetone extracts, respectively.

Flavanol tannin showed more than 60% of the total polyphenol in two extracts. Free and esterified phenolic acids were extracted and identified by GC-MS and results showed that protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid and 5 benzoic acids were major phenolic acids in two extracts. The amount of total flavonoids of hot water and 70% acetone extracts were 10.40 and 17.12 mg per 100 ml of extracts, respectively.

Electron donating ability(EDA) of the hot water and 70% acetone extracts of the pine needle showed higher than 80%. The oxidative stability determined by POV showed higher than 80%. The oxidative stability determined by POV showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest antioxidative effect than chloroform and butanol fractions on the soybean oil. Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity was 61% for the hot water extract than 50% for the 70% acetone extract. 70% Acetone extract from pine needle exhibited inhibition percentage of about 82.2% on the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1.

The effects of pine needle(PN) extracts on lipid of liver as well as serum of rats were investigated. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 329 +_4g were divided into five groups and fed high fat diets for four weeks. Each group was administrated with following pine needle extract from dried pine needle powder:Control:water, WE-3;hot water extract(3% PN), WE-6: hot water extract(6% PN), AE-3; acetone extract(3% PN), AE-6; acetone extract(6% PN). Weight gain of the WE-6 group was significantly lower than Control, WE-3 and AE-3 groups, but statiscally not significant with AE-6 group. Food and extract intakes and the weights of liver,kidney, heart and spleen were not statistically different among groups. The contents of triglyceride in serum and liver of the WE-3 group tended to be lower than those of control group.

The contents of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the WE-3 group was significantly higher than other groups. The pine needle extract administrated (PNEA) groups, especially WE-3, showed lower risk factor index(RFI) that the control group. Concentration of total lipid in liver of WE-3 group were significantly lower than that of the control group. These results suggest that the WE-3 may reduce elevated levels of lipid contents in serum and liver of rat fed high fat diet.

The effects of pine needle extracts on lipid peroxide and antioxidative enzyme activities of serum and liver, and liver morphology were investigated. The results obtained from the experiment were as follows: GOT activities were not significantly different among groups but GPT activities were significantly lower in the PNEA groups than the control group. However, liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity of pine needle extarct administrated groups was higher. Catalase activities of liver had a similar tendency to SOD activities, but were not significantly different among the groups. Liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TBARS) of WE-3 and AE-6 groups were slightly lower than those of other groups. Microscopic observation of liver tissue revealed that pine needle extracts, especially WE-6 group, increased liver cellular swelling markedly compared with control group.

3. symptom in adaptation period

When you use our pine needle oil and soap, you will have 1~2 weeks adaptation period.

Some users don't experience any symptoms at all. When you experience some symptoms, don't be surprised because they will disappear.

The appearance of these symptoms in 1~3 months usage depends on the body character and toxic level of users.

You can reduce dosage and increase normal dosage after passing these symptoms.

Symptom can be rash, sleepiness, pain in joint or injured parts, blister in lip, diarrhea, heartburn, stomach ache in case of ulcer, throw up by pine smell for taking pine oil capsule, and reddish face if pine soap is applied too long (more than 10~20 seconds).

Because pine oil soap has a natural ingredient that can pull waste, toxin, and fat out from under the skin, you may experience tiny pimples temporarily.

In that case, there is no need to get rid of the tiny pimples by squeezing. Just use steam towel to make your face smooth and the tiny pimples will go away.

4. How to keep pine needle soaps well.

Because our soaps don't use chemical hardener which other soaps use, it can become soft or melt easily.

This can be a shortcoming of 100% natural soaps, but actually it is good for skin.

If you place thin sponge under our soaps, it can prevent melting by getting rid of moisture.

Because our soap has a strong moisturizer which high end cosmetic use, it sucks moisture from air and you can see dew in our soap.

This expensive plant-derived moisturizer prevents dryness in your skin.

Our soaps also don't use artificial colors. The natural color may change to orange as time goes by. It is proof of its being a 100% natural soap.

Our soaps don't use chemical surface active agent that makes a lot of foam and bubble. These agents reduce surface tension of water and get rid of dirt and fat but give stress to skin.

You can experience the difference of our 100% natural soap with less bubble and chemical soaps with a lot of bubble. Our soaps users testify quick cleanness after washing face by natural ingredients.

5. How much oil capsule is needed in mixing it with lotion or skin conditioner?

1 capsule per 100 ml lotion or skin is recommended because this one oil capsule is extracted from 5 KG of pine needle.

Using soap in shower weekly is good. Also applying pine oil to pimple spots or problem skins or infected area such as ear, athletic foot, and fungus can be good.

Puncture soft gel capsule with a pin and use one drop. Soft gel will close hole automatically. You can use rest later.

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